Rakesh Computer Works

Advantages and Disadvantages of money

Advantages of Money

Money occupies a unique position in a modern capitalist economy. In its absence, the whole prosperous economic life would collapse like a pack of cards.

The advantages or uses of money can be best understood by considering the system in which money is absent.

1. Money has overcome drawbacks of barter system. We have read drawbacks of barter system which make exchange process burdensome and highly inefficient. In fact, money was invented by the society to overcome these drawbacks.

The barter system suffers from four main drawbacks, each of which is overcome by a specific function of money as explained below:

(i) Money as medium of exchange solves the barter’s problem of lack of double coincidence of wants as money has separated the acts of sale and purchase. You can sell goods for money to whosoever wants it and with this money you can buy goods from whosoever wants to sell them.

Money is accepted as medium of exchange. People exchange goods and services through medium of money when they buy goods or sell goods. Thus, money becoming intermediary solves barter’s problem of double coincidence of wants.

(ii) Money as measure (unit) of value or a unit of account solves the barter’s problem of absence of common measure (unit) of value. Money serves as a unit of value or unit of account and acts as a yardstick to measures exchange value of all commodities. The value of each good or service is expressed as price (i.e. money units) which guides both consumer and producer to make a transaction. Thus money makes keeping of business account possible.

(iii) Money as store of value solves the barter’s problem of difficulty in storing wealth (or generalised purchasing power). Moreover, money in convenient denominations (like Indian coins of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 paise and currency notes of 2, 5, 10, 100, 500, and 1,000) solves the barter’s problem of absence or lack of divisibility. (Coins of less than 50 paise are no longer in use now.)

disadvantages of Money

Money is not an unmixed blessing. Total dependence or misuse of money may lead to undesirable and harmful results. In the words of Robertson, “Money, which is a source of so many blessings to mankind, becomes also, unless we can control it, a source of peril and confusion. The following are the various disadvantages of money:

1. Instability.

A great disadvantage of money is that its value does not remain constant which creates instability in the economy. Too much of money reduces its value and causes inflation (i.e., rise in price level) and too little of money raises its value and results in deflation (i.e., fall in price level). Inflation distorts the pattern of distribution in favour of the rich ; thus, it makes the rich richer and the poor poorer. Deflation, on the other hand, results in unemployment and hardships to the working class.

2. Inequality of Income:

Money, through its excessive use and inflationary effect, creates and widens the inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth. This had divided the society into 'haves' and 'have-nots' and has led to a class conflict between them.

3. Growth of Monopolies:

The use of money leads to the concentration of wealth in a few hands and this gives rise to monopolies. Growth of monopolies results in the exploitation of the workers, brings misery and degradation to them.

4. Over-Capitalization:

Easy borrowing and lending facilities, made possible through money, may lead certain industries to use more capital than is required. This over-capitalization, in turn, results in over-produc­tion and unemployment.

5. Misuse of Capital:

Money, which is the basis of credit, leads to the creation of more and more credit creation. Credit creation, if not matched by the increase in production, results in inflationary rise in the prices.

 

 

The Value of Games and Sports

Games and sports keep one physically and mentally fit. They keep one away from diseases relating to heart, obesity, mental stress an sleeplessness. They instill in the player a spirit of self-confidence, self-reliance, discipline, justice, fair play and patriotism. games provide us with recreation and enjoyment.

Games are very essential for students but they are neglected in schools. Even parents do not have high opinion about games and they want their children to devote more time to studies. India lacks funds, and proper training facilities are not provided to the players. Sports bring rich dividends to sportsmen. The government has formulated a New National Sports Policy. Effective measures should be taken to popularize, and encourage participation in games and sports.

We all are familiar with the maxim ‘Health is wealth’. According to the World Health Organization, ‘Health is a state of complete physical, the absence of disease.’ Academics serve the purpose of nourishing the mind. But a healthy mind resides in a healthy body. One can develop and maintain a healthy body by actively participating in games and sports.

Games keep our body alert, active, youthful and energetic. They instill in us a spirit of adventure. Games increase the circulation of blood, boost metabolism, burn calories and improve the respiration and digestive system. A healthy person can work hard cheerfully for a long period of time, and can face dangers boldly. Games also instill in the players the spirit of self-reliance, self-confidence, justice, and fair play. They enable him to follow other virtues like discipline, honesty, integrity, loyalty and patriotism.

While playing games various exercises are performed automatically and one need not join a gymnasium to exercise. Brisk walking, running, cycling, skipping, swimming and yoga are common activities to keep fit. They also tone up the body of both the young and the old. Mild exercise are beneficial for patients recovering from heart attacks and those who suffer from obesity, diabetes, blood pressure etc. Exercise invigorates the mind and the body and helps to keep fit.

Games provides us with recreation and enjoyment. Soccer, cricket, lawn tennis or wrestling are watched by millions of fans all over the world. When we watch and play games, we forget all our worries and anxieties. They enable us to divert our mind fro the nasty thinking.

A player develops team spirit, he learns to adjust with other person’s shortcomings. A player respects and follows the rules of the game he plays. He, thus, becomes a man of principles. Sportspersons display punctuality, diplomacy and self-discipline. Sports help us to face the challenges in life bravely. One would not be deterred by failures as they are the stepping stones to success. Such an approach would help one reorganize one’s skills and work harder with renewed vigor, to achieve one’s goal.

Games generate a feeling of sportsmanship and broaden one’s outlook. They are very essential for the students. In our schools, however, games and sports are not given much importance. A period of half an hour or forty five minutes is dedicated to games everyday in schools. Some schools dedicate this timing for games only once a week. Children find it difficult to pursue a game in the specified period. Some schools cannot afford funds for sports equipments while most schools do not have a playground. Many schools do not employ any physical instructor to guide the children in various games. Even parents want their children to complete their home assignments after school hours rather than play games. They fail to realize that games make children strong both mentally and physically. Many school children become obese due to lack of participation in games. Obesity puts them in the high risk category of contracting diseases like diabetes, heart ailments etc. The education system needs to be reformed, and equal importance needs to be given to sports and games.

Lack of concern of the general public and authorities is evident from out country’s poor performance in international sports events. In Beijing Olympics, India’s best-ever performance by winning one gold and two bronze medals is a ‘historic break through’ for the country. It is very disappointing that our players win few medals at the Olympic Games. Even players from small countries like South Korea, Romania etc. are able to win a large number of medals. We are far behind other countries in a number of games. Moreover, in the absence of funds and facilities, the players are unable to use their talent and energy in an organized way. For example, hockey is mostly played on grass courts in India. There is also a lack of training of international standards. The players lack motivation. They are unaware of the diet they should follow to keep it. Cricket is the only game which is given some importance. But accusations of match-fixing and faulty selection procedures have harmed the image of cricket in India.

Sports bring rich dividends to sportsmen. Whether it is the matter of getting admission in institutions or getting jobs, sportsmen receive preference everywhere. Sports also bring fame and reputation.

No doubt sports have plenty of advantages but they also have drawbacks. Some sportsmen lose their limbs, fracture their legs or get permanently disabled while playing games. Many students take more interest in games and ignore their studies.

The government has formulated a New national Sports Policy. It promotes a liking for sports among public at large. It aims at development of infrastructure and provision of better coaching facilities.

Seventy percent of our population lives in villages. To popularize games and tap hidden talent in rural areas, Rural Sports Programme was launched in 1970-71. The scheme has been revised recently. Grants to sports has been increased. Sports scholarships are given to talented boys and girls.

Effective measures should be taken to ensure people’s active participation in games. The government should evolve a long-term national sports policy. Children should be informed about the advantages of games. They should be made to play games regularly. Training facilities for various games should be introduced. The existing training facilities should be upgraded and expanded. Selection of players for national and international games should be fair. Participation in sports and games will improve the overall health of the nation and its citizens.

Rakesh Computer Type of Works

Rakesh Computer is a best Computer Shop in Orai. that gives good service.

Contact for any work

1. All Types Typing
2. Internet Work
3. Designing
4. All types Advertisement Material
5. Marriage, Birthday, Invitation Card Print
6. Develop Janm Kundali by Computer
7. Income/Caste/Domicile Certificate verification
8. School Project

Bharat Ratna

The Bharat Ratna (Hindi pronunciation:  Jewel of India)^[1] is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted in 1954, the award is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.^[2][3][4] The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavour" in December 2011.^[5] The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. Recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal-leaf–shaped medallion; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.

1.   Arjun Award

The Arjuna Awards are given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, government of India to recognize outstanding achievement in National sports. Instituted in 1961, the award carries a cash prize of ₹ 500,000, a bronze statue of Arjuna and a scroll.^[1][2]

Over the years the scope of the award has been expanded and a large number of sports persons who belonged to the pre-Arjuna Award era were also included in the list. Further, the number of disciplines for which the award is given was increased to include indigenous games and the physically handicapped category.

2.  Ashoka Chakra 

The Ashoka Chakra (alternative spelling: Ashok Chakra) is India's highest peacetime military decoration awarded for valor, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. It is the peace time equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra, and is awarded for the "most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent valour or self-sacrifice" other than in the face of the enemy. The decoration may be awarded either to military or civilian personnel. It replaced the British 

3. Padma Vibhushan 

The Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, preceded by Bharat Ratna and followed by Padma Bhushan. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The award criteria include "service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" including doctors and scientists, but excludes those working with the public sector undertakings. As of 2016, the award has been bestowed on 294 individuals, including 6 posthumous and 19 non-citizen recipients.

4. Padma Bhushan 

The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan, but coming before the Padma Shri. It is announced on the occasion of Republic Day of India every year. It is conferred by the President of India at a function held at Rashtrapati Bhavan sometime around March or April.

The award was established on 2 January 1954 by the president of India. It is awarded to recognize distinguished service of a high order to the nation, in any field. As of December 2015, 1230 people have thus far received the award

5. Maha Vir Chakra 

The Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) (literally great warrior medal) is the second highest military decoration in India, after theParam Vir Chakra, and is awarded for acts of conspicuous gallantry in the presence of the enemy, whether on land, at sea or in the air. It replaced the British Distinguished Service Order (DSO). The medal may be awarded posthumously. Appearance -

The medal is made of standard silver and is circular in shape. Embossed on the obverse is a five pointed heraldic star with circular center-piece bearing the gilded state emblem of India in the center. The words "Mahavira Chakra" are embossed in Devanagari and English on the reverse with two lotus flowers in the middle. The decoration is worn on the left chest with a half-white and half-orange riband about 3.2 cm in width, the orange being near the left shoulder.

6. Vir Chakra 

Vir Chakra is an Indian gallantry award presented for acts of bravery in the battlefield. It replaced the British Distinguished Service Cross (DSC), Military Cross (MC) and Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). Award of the decoration carries with it the right to use Vr.C. as a postnominal abbreviation (note the care to distinguish this abbreviation from that for the Victoria Cross(V.C.). It is third in precedence in the war time gallantry awards and comes after the Param Vir Chakra and Maha Vir Chakra

7. Dronacharya Award

Dronacharya Award is an award presented by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, government of India for excellence in sports coaching. The award comprises a bronze statuette of Dronacharya, a scroll of honour and a cash component of Rs.7,00,000. The award was instituted in 1985

As the best sportsperson award is named Arjuna Award, it is appropriate that the coaching award is named after Dronacharya, as he was the teacher of Arjuna. B.I. Fernandez is the first foreign coach to be awarded Dronacharya Award.

8. A. P. J." Abdul Kalam

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen "A. P. J." Abdul Kalam ⁱ/ˈæbdʊl kəˈlɑːm/; (15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. A career scientist turned politician, Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts.^[1] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.^[2][3][4] He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.^[5]

Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President,"^[6] he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

9. B. R. Ambedkar

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women and labour.^[3][4] He was Independent India's first law minister and the principal architect of the Constitution of India.^[5][6][7][8]

Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning doctorates in economics from both Columbia University and the London School of Economics, and gained a reputation as a scholar for his research in law, economics and political science.^[9] In his early career he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations for India's independence, publishing journals advocating political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and contributing significantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred upon Ambedkar. Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture.

Indian Scientist

1. Homi J. Bhabha

Homi Jehangir Bhabha (30 October 1909 – 24 January 1966) was an Indian nuclear physicist, founding director, and professor of physics at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.^[2] Colloquially known as "father of the Indian nuclear programme",^[3] Bhabha was the founding director of two well-known research institutions, namely the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and the Trombay Atomic Energy Establishment (now named after him); both sites were the cornerstone of Indian development of nuclear weapons which Bhabha also supervised as its director

Early life

Homi Jehangir Bhabha was born into a wealthy and prominent industrial Parsi family, through which he was related to Dinshaw Maneckji Petit, and Dorabji Tata. He was born on 30 October 1909, in an illustrious family with a long tradition of learning and service to the country. His father was Jehangir Hormusji Bhabha, a well known lawyer and his mother was Meheren.^[4] He received his early education at Bombay's Cathedral and John Connon School and entered Elphinstone College at age 15 after passing his Senior Cambridge Examination with Honors. His father's name, Jehangir, is from Persian (جهانگیر), meaning "conqueror of the world."^[5]

He then attended the Royal Institute of Science until 1927 before joining Caius College of Cambridge University. This was due to the insistence of his father and his uncle Dorab Tata, who planned for Bhabha to obtain a degree in Mechanical engineering from Cambridge and then return to India, where he would join the Tata Steel Mills in Jamshedpur as a metallurgist.

2. Prem Chand Pandey

Prem Chand Pandey was born 10 August 1945. He  is an Indian scientist and academic in the fields of Satellite Oceanography, Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Science, Antarctic and Climate Change

Education and career

Pandey obtained his Masters and Bachelor's degrees in Electronics and science respectively from Allahabad University. He completed his D.Phil. degree from the same university^[2][3] (on microwaves) in 1972.^[4]

In 1966, Pandey became a lecturer in DAV Degree college, Azamgarh. From 1968 to 1972 he was Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Research Fellow at the microwave research laboratory of the Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, and from 1973 to 1977 a research officer at the Central Water and Power Research Station, Khadakwasla. During 1997-2005, he was the founding director of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR)/Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Goa.^[6] At the initiative of Murali Manohar Joshi he founded the K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Ocean Studies (KBCAOS)^[7] to initiate the Atmospheric and Ocean Science Studies in Allahabad University which is now full-fledged faculty academic centre of Allahabad University.

Membership in special national and international expert committees/ bodies (past/present)

·  IIT Kharagpur Nominee : Ocean Atmospheric Science and Technology Cell of MoES

·  Advisory Board Member, Text Books for Higher Education : The Energy Research Institute, New Delhi

3. Har Gobind Khorana

Har Gobind Khorana(9 January 1922 – 9 November 2011),^[4][5] was an Indian-American biochemist who shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for research that showed how the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids, which carry the genetic code of the cell, control the cell’s synthesis of proteins. Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year.^[6][7]

Khorana was born in Raipur, British India (today Tehsil Kabirwala, Punjab, Pakistan) and later moved to become an Indian citizen after the partition of 1947. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1966,^[8] and subsequently received the National Medal of Science. He co-directed the Institute for Enzyme Research,^[9] became a professor of biochemistry in 1962 and was named Conrad A. Elvehjem Professor of Life Sciences at University of Wisconsin–Madison.^[10] He served as MIT's Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry, Emeritus^[11] and was a member of the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute.

Research work

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) with three repeating units (UCUCUCU → UCU CUC UCU) produced two alternating amino acids. This, combined with the rachit and Leder experiment,^{[citation needed]} showed that UCU codes for Serine and CUC codes for Leucine. RNAs with three repeating units (UACUACUA → UAC UAC UAC, or ACU ACU ACU, or CUA CUA CUA) produced three different strings of amino acids. RNAs with four repeating units including UAG, UAA, or UGA, produced only dipeptides and tripeptides thus revealing that UAG, UAA and UGA are stop codons.

4. Vikram Sarabhai

Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (12 August 1919 – 30 December 1971)^[8] was an Indian scientist and innovator widely regarded as the father of India's space programme. Sarabhai received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Medal in 1962.^[9] The nation honoured him awarding Padma Bhushan in 1966 and Padma Vibhushan (posthumously) in 1972.

Personal life

Son of Sheth Ambalal Sarabhai, he came from the famous Sarabhai family of India who were major industrialists committed to the Indian independence movement. Vikram Sarabhai married the classical dancer Mrinalini in 1942. The couple had two children. His daughter Mallika gained prominence as an actress and activist, and his son Kartikeya Sarabhai too became an active person in science.^[7] During his lifetime, he practiced Jainism and belonged to the Shrimal Jain community of Ahmedabad.^[11]

Professional life

Known as the cradle of space sciences in India, the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) was founded in 1947 by Vikram Sarabhai. PRL had a modest beginning at his residence, the RETREAT, with research on cosmic rays.

The institute was formally established at the M.G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad, on 11 November 1947^[12] with support from the Karmkshetra Educational Foundation and the Ahmedabad Education Society. Prof. Kalpathi Ramakrishna Ramanathan was the first Director of the institute. The initial focus was research on cosmic rays and the properties of the upper atmosphere. Research areas were expanded to include theoretical physics and radio physics later with grants from the Atomic Energy Commission.

5. Birbal Sahni

Birbal Sahni FRS^[1] (14 November 1891 – 10 April 1949) was an Indian paleobotanist who studied the fossils of the Indian subcontinent. He also took an interest in geology and archaeology. He founded the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany at Lucknow. His major contributions were in the study of the fossil plants of India and in plant evolution.^[2][3][4] He was also involved in the establishment of Indian science education and served as the President of the National Academy of Sciences, India and as an Honorary President of the International Botanical Congress, Stockholm. He died on 10 April 1949.

ontributions

Sahni worked on living plants species including Nephrotepsis, Niphobolus, Taxus, Psilotum, Tmesipteris and Acmopyle examining evolutionary trends and geographical distributions. His ability to apply theory to observations and make hypotheses based on observations were especially influential on his students. When examining wood remains from Harappa, he noted that they were of conifers and inferred that the people there must have had trade links with people in mountains where conifers could grow.^[13] He recorded foreign pollen in the ovules of living Gingko biloba and noted in the New Phytologist (1915), the problem with assuming that fossil pollen in ovules belonged to a single species. Sahni was among the first to suggest a separate order, the Taxales, within the conifers to contain the genera Taxus, Torreya and Cephalotaxus.

6. Nambi Narayanan

S. Nambi Narayanan is an Indian scientist. As a senior official at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), he was in-charge of the cryogenics division.^[1] In 1994, he was falsely charged with espionage and arrested. The charges against him were dismissed by the CBI in 1996, and the Supreme Court declared him not guilty in 1998.

Career

Narayanan introduced the liquid fuel rocket technology in India in the early 1970s, when A. P. J. Abdul Kalam’s team was working on solid motors. He foresaw the need for liquid fuelled engines for ISRO’s future civilian space programmes. He was encouraged by the then ISRO chairman Satish Dhawan, and his successor U.R. Rao. Narayanan developed liquid propellant motors, first building the successful 600-kg thrust engine in the mid-1970s and thereafter moving on to bigger engines.

Demand for Justice

On 7 November 2013, Narayanan was made media discussion that he is seeking justice in this case and want to expose who were behind this conspiracy and said that this case will 'discourage' the youth.

7. Afroz Ahmad

froz Ahmad is an Indian environment scientist and development administrator. He is an advocate for integrating environment and development to ensure sustainable development in India.^[3][4]

On 5 December 2014, Ahmad was appointed Member (Environment & Rehabilitation) of the Narmada Control Authority, Ministry of Water Resources (India) Government of India

Career

Afroz Ahmad discussing Narmada Rehabilitation issue with Narendra Modi, presently Prime Minister of India on July 22, 2006.

In December 2014, Ahmad was appointed Member (Environment & Rehabilitation) in the Narmada Control Authority, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation within the government of India.^[6] Before assuming charge as Member, he was Director (Impact Assessment & Rehabilitation) in the Narmada Control Authority.^[7]

Ahmad has also worked for the G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Ministry of Environment and Forests (India).^[8]

Personal life

Afroz Ahmad married Begum Sadiya Yasmin(Afroz), daughter of poet and Politician Bekal Utsahi. Sadiya is a poetess and social worker.

8. Aditi Pant

Aditi Pant is an Indian oceanographer.^[1] She was a part of the Indian expedition to Antarctica in 1983 and became the first Indian woman to visit Antarctica (along with Sudipta Sengupta)

Early life and education

Aditi was inspired to take up oceanography as a profession when she came across the book The Open Sea by Alister Hardy while she was doing her BSc at the University of Pune. She got a US government scholarship to study an MS in marine sciences in the University of Hawaii.^[3] She did her PhD in Westfield college, London University.^[3] Her PhD thesis was about the physiology of marine algae. After completing her studies, she returned to India to join the National Institute of Oceanography in Goa.

Career

Aditi started her research career at the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa after being inspired by the founder of the institute, N. K. Panikkar. From 1973-76, she got involved in coastal studies and toured the whole of west coast of India. She participated in the third and fifth Indian expeditions to Antarctica to research about oceanography and geology.^[4] She was the first Indian woman to participate in an Antarctic expedition.

Awards

Aditi was honored with the Antarctica award with Jaya Naithani and Kanwal Vilku by the government of India for her contributions to the Antarctic program.

 

9. Abhay Ashtekar

Abhay Vasant Ashtekar (born July 5, 1949) is an Indian theoretical physicist. He is the Eberly Professor of Physics and the Director of the Institute for Gravitational Physics and Geometry at Pennsylvania State University. As the creator of Ashtekar variables, he is one of the founders of loop quantum gravity and its subfield loop quantum cosmology. He has also written a number of descriptions of loop quantum gravity that are accessible to non-physicists. In 1999, Ashtekar and his colleagues were able to calculate the entropy for a black hole, matching a legendary 1974 prediction by Hawking.^[2] Oxford mathematical physicist Roger Penrose has described Ashtekar's approach to quantum gravity as "The most important of all the attempts at 'quantizing' general relativity."^[3] Ashtekar was elected as Member to National Academy of Sciences in May 2016.

Biography

Abhay Ashtekar grew up in several cities, including Mumbai, in the state of Maharashtra, India. After completing his undergraduate education in India, Ashtekar enrolled in the graduate program for gravitation at the University of Texas at Austin.^[1] He went on to complete his Ph.D. at the University of Chicago under the supervision of Robert Geroch in 1978 and held several appointments at Oxford, Paris, Syracuse before settling at Penn State.^[5] He married Christine Clarke in 1986^[6] and the two have a son, Neil Ashtekar.

10. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam better known as A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ⁱ/ˈæbdʊl kəˈlɑːm/; (15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. A career scientist turned statesman, Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts.^[1] He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.^[2][3][4] He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.

Kalam was elected as the 11th President of India in 2002 with the support of both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the "People's President,"^[6] he returned to his civilian life of education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.^[7] Thousands including national-level dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram, where he was buried with full state honours.